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3D rendering as a tool for cardiac anatomy learning in medical students

Casallas, A. | 2018

Introduction: Teaching cardiac anatomy, due to its complexity, is a constant challenge for professors and students. This situation has led to the creation of new pedagogical strategies, including the use of 3D rendering, to improve learning. Objective: To assess the impact of 3D rendering as a digital instrument on cardiac anatomy learning. Materials and methods: An experimental study was carried out with two groups of students from a medical program randomly selected. Each group consisted of 40 students; one was the control group (3HB) and the other, the study group (3HA). Both groups attended lectures and practices in the dissection hall of the university, that is, they received training using the traditional methodology. The control group received training using the traditional methodology, as well as instruction using anatomy atlas texts, while the 3HA group received training using the 3D Heart-tomy software, a three-dimensional virtual instrument. Results: Theoretical and practical tests were analyzed, and an opinion survey was conducted, which allowed finding that the students of the 3HA group had better academic performance in the theoretical test than the control group. Conclusion: Didactic and digital 3D media facilitate the understanding of the location of the anatomical structure, and works as a pedagogical tool, although it does not replace practices in the dissection hall.

A comparative analysis of SLA-DRB1 genetic diversity in Colombian (creoles and commercial line) and worldwide swine populations

Celis‑Giraldo, Carmen Teresa | 2021

Analysing pig class II mayor histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is mainly related to antigen presentation. Identifying frequently-occurring alleles in pig populations is an important aspect to be considered when developing peptide-based vaccines. Colombian creole pig populations have had to adapt to local conditions since entering Colombia; a recent census has shown low amounts of pigs which is why they are considered protected by the Colombian government. Commercial hybrids are more attractive regarding production. This research has been aimed at describing the allele distribution of Colombian pigs from diverse genetic backgrounds and comparing Colombian SLA-DRB1 locus diversity to that of internationally reported populations. Twenty SLA-DRB1 alleles were identified in the six populations analysed here using sequence-based typing. The amount of alleles ranged from six (Manta and Casco Mula) to nine (San Pedreño). Only one allele (01:02) having > 5% frequency was shared by all three commercial line populations. Allele 02:01:01 was shared by five populations (around > 5% frequency). Global FST indicated that pig populations were clearly structured, as 20.6% of total allele frequency variation was explained by differences between populations (FST = 0.206). This study’s results confirmed that the greatest diversity occurred in wild boars, thereby contrasting with low diversity in domestic pig populations.

A concise and efficient synthesis of amino-substituted (1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)pyrimidine hybrids: Synthetic sequence and the molecular and supramolecular structures of six examples

Vicentes, Daniel E. | 2019

A concise and efficient synthesis of a series of amino-substituted benzimidazole-pyrimidine hybrids has been developed, starting from the readily available N 4-(2-aminophenyl)-6-methoxy-5-nitrosopyrimidine-2,4-diamine. In each of N 5-benzyl-6-methoxy-4-(2-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)pyrimidine-2,5-diamine, C25H22N6O, (I), 6-methoxy-N 5-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl]pyrimidine-2,5-diamine, C27H26N6O3, (III), 6-methoxy-N 5-(4-nitrobenzyl)-4-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl]pyrimidine-2,5-diamine, C25H20N8O5, (IV), the molecules are linked into three-dimensional framework structures, using different combinations of N-H⋯N, N-H⋯O, C-H⋯O, C-H⋯N and C-H⋯π hydrogen bonds in each case. Oxidative cleavage of 6-methoxy-N 5-(4-methylbenzyl)-4-[2-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl]pyrimidine-2,5-diamine, (II), with diiodine gave 6-methoxy-4-[2-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl]pyrimidine-2,5-diamine, which crystallized as a monohydrate, C19H18N6O·H2O, (V), and reaction of (V) with trifluoroacetic acid gave two isomeric products, namely N-{5-amino-6-methoxy-6-[2-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl]pyrimidin-2-yl}-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide, which crystallized as an ethyl acetate monosolvate, C21H17F3N6O2·C4H8O2, (VI), and N-{2-amino-6-methoxy-4-[2-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl]pyrimidin-5-yl}-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide, which crystallized as a methanol monosolvate, C21H17F3N6O2·CH4O, (VIIa). For each of (V), (VI) and (VIIa), the supramolecular assembly is two-dimensional, based on different combinations of O-H⋯N, N-H⋯O, N-H⋯N, C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π hydrogen bonds in each case. Comparisons are made with some related structures.

A concise synthesis of a highly substituted 6-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-5-nitrosopyrimidin-2- amine: Synthetic sequence and the molecular and supramolecular structures of one product and two intermediates

Cobo, Justo | 2018

A concise and efficient synthesis of 6-benzimidazolyl-5-nitrosopyrimidines has been developed using Schiff base-type intermediates derived from N4-(2-aminophenyl)-6-methoxy-5-nitrosopyrimidine-2,4-diamine. 6-Methoxy-N4-{2-[(4-methylbenzylidene)amino]phenyl}-5-nitrosopyrimidine-2,4-diamine, (I), and N4-{2-[(ethoxymethylidene)amino]phenyl}-6-methoxy-5-nitrosopyrimidine-2,4-diamine, (III), both crystallize from dimethyl sulfoxide solution as the 1:1 solvates C19H18N6O2·C2H6OS, (Ia), and C14H16N6O3·C2H6OS, (IIIa), respectively. The interatomic distances in these intermediates indicate significant electronic polarization within the substituted pyrimidine system. In each of (Ia) and (IIIa), intermolecular N-H…O hydrogen bonds generate centrosymmetric four-molecule aggregates. Oxidative ring closure of intermediate (I), effected using ammonium hexanitratocerate(IV), produced 4-methoxy-6-[2-(4-methylphenyl-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl]-5-nitrosopyrimidin-2-amine, C19H16N6O2, (II) [Cobo et al. (2018). Private communication (CCDC 1830889). CCDC, Cambridge, England], where the extent of electronic polarization is much less than in (Ia) and (IIIa). A combination of N–H…N and C–H…O hydrogen bonds links the molecules of (II) into complex sheets.

A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of MAOA gene is associated with daytime sleepiness in healthy subjects

Ojeda a, Diego A. | 2014-02

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is one of the main causes of car and industrial accidents and it is associated with increased morbidity and alterations in quality of life. Prevalence of EDS in the general population around the world ranges from 6.2 to 32.4%, with a heritability of 38–40%. However, few studies have explored the role of candidate genes in EDS. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene has an important role in the regulation of neurotransmitter levels and a large number of human behaviors. We hypothesized that a functional VNTR in the promoter region of the MAOA gene might be associated with daytime sleepiness in healthy individuals. The Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) was applied to 210 Colombian healthy subjects (university students), which were genotyped for MAOA-uVNTR. MAOA-uVNTR showed a significant association with ESS scores (p = 0.01): 3/3 genotype carriers had the lowest scores. These results were supported by differences in MAOA-uVNTR frequencies between diurnal somnolence categories (p = 0.03). Our finding provides evidence for the first time that MAOA-uVNTR has a significant association with EDS in healthy subjects. Finally, these data suggest that functional variations in MAOA gene could have a role in other phenotypes of neuropsychiatric relevance.

A functional SNP in MIR124-1, a brain expressed miRNA gene, is associated with aggressiveness in a Colombian sample

González Giraldo, Y. | 2015-06

Background: Interpersonal violence and suicide are among the main causes of mortality and morbidity around the world. In several developing countries, such as Colombia, they are among the first five entities of public health concern. Aggressiveness is an important endophenotype for aggression and suicidal behavior, having a heritability of around 50%. Exploration of classical candidate genes, involved in serotoninergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission, has identified few consistent risk factors for aggressiveness. miRNAs are a novel class of molecules with a growing role in normal neural function and neuropsychiatric disorders; of special interest, miR-124 is a brain-specific miRNA that is key for neuronal plasticity. We evaluated the hypothesis that a functional polymorphism in MIR124-1 gene might be associated with aggressiveness in a Colombian sample. Methods: The Spanish adaptation of the refined version of the Aggression Questionnaire and the abbreviated Barratt Impulsiveness Scale were applied to 170 young subjects. The functional SNP in MIR124-1 (rs531564) was genotyped by a TaqMan assay. Results: We found a significant association between the MIR124-1 and aggressiveness in our sample, with G/G carriers having lower scores (P = 0.01). This association seemed to be specific for aggressiveness, as it was not significant for impulsiveness. Conclusions: We showed for the first time the association of a functional polymorphism in MIR124-1 and aggressiveness. Known targets of miR-124 (such as BDNF and DRD4 genes) could explain the effect of this miRNA on behavior. A future analysis of additional novel functional polymorphisms in other brain expressed miRNAs could be useful for a deeper understanding of aggression in humans.

A Trypanosoma cruzi Genome Tandem Repetitive Satellite DNA Sequence as a Molecular Marker for a LAMP Assay for Diagnosing Chagas' Disease

Ordóñez, Diego | 2020

Chagas' disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi which is endemic throughout Latin America and is spread by worldwide migration. Diagnosis is currently limited to serological and molecular techniques having variations regarding their sensitivity and specificity. This work was aimed at developing a new sensitive, applicable, and cost-effective molecular diagnosis technique for loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based detection of T. cruzi (Tc-LAMP). The results led to determining a highly homologous satellite repeat region (231 bp) among parasite strains as a molecular marker for diagnosing the disease. Tc-LAMP was performed correctly for detecting parasite DNA (5 fg for the CL Brener strain and 50 fg for the DM28, TcVI, and TcI strains). Assay results proved negative for DNA from 16 helminth species and 7 protozoa, including Leishmania spp. Tc-LAMP based on the highly repeated T. cruzi satellite region is thus proposed as an important alternative for diagnosing T. cruzi infection, overcoming other methods' limitations such as their analytic capability, speed, and requiring specialized equipment or highly trained personnel. Tc-LAMP could be easily adapted for point-of-care testing in areas having limited resources.

Abdominal trauma secondary to a dog’s attack In a: a case report

Gomez, Mathieu | 2014-05

El trauma abdominal ocurre cuando éste compartimento orgánico sufre la acción violenta de agentes que generan lesiones de diferente magnitud y gravedad produciendo varias afecciones a nivel visceral. En traumas severos el paciente pueda presentar signologa asociada a un Síndrome de Respuesta Inflamatoria Sistémica (SIRS), que en la mayoría de los casos concluye en Falla Multiorganica (FMO) muerte. En este articulo se dará a conocer el caso clínico de un paciente que ingreso a la clínica por un traumatismo abdominal severo secundario a mordida por congénere. Debido a la mala condición en la que se encontraba al momento , se desarrollo un procedimiento quirúrgico de control de daños (control quirúrgico de la hemorragia y retiro de material necrótico o contaminado), pero dentro de la evolución se presento un deterioro progresivo de su condición que se asocio al desarrollo de SIRS que concluyo en la muerte del paciente. En este trabajo se abordaran diversos métodos de diagnóstico, signos clínicos y metodología terapéutica que permite prevenir el desarrollo de FMO.

Ability of care and care burden in family caregivers of people with chronic illness

Carreño Moreno, Sonia Patricia | 2016

Introduction: Caregiver burden has proved to be a variable that is related to gender factors, the functionality of the care recipient, the time spent on care, among others. Additional research to determine if the burden of care is related to the caring ability of the family caregiver is required. Objective: To determine the correlation between burden of care and caring in family caregivers of people with chronic illness and to compare that relationship in the different regions of Colombia. Methods: Quantitative study, with a correlational approach. The sample included 2040 caregivers of people with chronic illness of the Andean, Pacific, Caribbean and Amazon regions in Colombia. Informed consent process was performed. Data were collected with the Caring Ability Inventory of Nkonghoy and with the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview. The statistical approach was done with the Spearman Rho test. Results: In Colombia and in its Amazonic and Pacific regions, a weak negative statistically significant correlation (p <0.01) was observed. In the Caribbean Region, a moderate and statistically significant negative correlation (p <0.01). In the Andean region, no connection between the ability of care and caregiver burden was found. Conclusion: A weak but statistically significant relationship between the ability of care and caregiver burden was found in Colombia, except in the Andean region were no correlation was founded. Interventions in strengthening the ability of care, could be useful in decreasing caregivers burden with care.

Abundance and reproduction of Porphyriops melanops in a suburban artificial wetland in Bogotá, Colombia

Sánchez, F. | 2015

The Spot-flanked Gallinule Porphyriops melanops bogotensis is a subspecies endemic to the Cundinamarca-Boyacá highland plateau. It is critically endangered due to wetlands deterioration and it has been suggested that artificial wetlands may help in its conservation. Therefore, we examined the abundance and reproduction of this gallinule in an artificial wetland in the north of Bogotá, Colombia. We did monthly counts of chicks, sub adults and adults from May 2008 to May 2010 and recorded the duration of each developmental stage. Based on the observation of chicks we determined that gallinules reproduced multiple times in 2008 and 2009, but not in 2010. We found a negative correlation between the numbers of adults and the numbers of chicks and sub adults, suggesting a density-dependent effect. We found no correlation between abundance and rainfall. Monthly abundance of the gallinule during the study period in the natural wetland of Guaymaral, ~1 km from the study site, was negatively correlated with the abundance of gallinules in our artificial wetland. Approximately 46% of chicks became adults. The probability of chicks and sub adults of disappearing from the population was similar: ~0,3. Our results suggest that artificial wetlands can be source habitats for gallinules, and key aspects for the future use of artificial wetlands are: providing nesting sites, protecting them from domestic animals and humans, and maintaining connectivity with neighboring natural wetlands.

Abundance and reproduction of porphyriops melanops in a suburban artificial wetland in Bogotá, Colombia

Sánchez, Francisco Javier | 2016

The Spot-flanked Gallinule Porphyriops melanops bogotensis is a subspecies endemic to the Cundinamarca-Boyacá highland plateau. It is critically endangered due to wetlands deterioration and it has been suggested that artificial wetlands may help in its conservation. Therefore, we examined the abundance and reproduction of this gallinule in an artificial wetland in the north of Bogotá, Colombia. We did monthly counts of chicks, sub adults and adults from May 2008 to May 2010 and recorded the duration of each developmental stage. Based on the observation of chicks we determined that gallinules reproduced multiple times in 2008 and 2009, but not in 2010. We found a negative correlation between the numbers of adults and the numbers of chicks and sub adults, suggesting a density-dependent effect. We found no correlation between abundance and rainfall. Monthly abundance of the gallinule during the study period in the natural wetland of Guaymaral, ~1 km from the study site, was negatively correlated with the abundance of gallinules in our artificial wetland. Approximately 46% of chicks became adults. The probability of chicks and sub adults of disappearing from the population was similar: ~0,3. Our results suggest that artificial wetlands can be source habitats for gallinules, and key aspects for the future use of artificial wetlands are: providing nesting sites, protecting them from domestic animals and humans, and maintaining connectivity with neighboring natural wetlands.

Acute appendicitis during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience in a high-level complex center in Boyacá, Colombia

Támara-López, José Antonio | 2023

Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic varied the way health systems were attended, thus affecting pathologies not related to respiratory infections, such as acute appendicitis. Fear of SARS-CoV-2 infection and mobility restrictive measures may have implied a longer time from the onset of symptoms to consultation of the emergency department, leading to intraoperative and postoperative complications. Methods. Retrospective cross-sectional descriptive observational study, identifying all patients diagnosed with acute appendicitis and taken for appendectomy, divided into two groups, considered pre-pandemic, from September 1, 2018 to March 15, 2020, and pandemic, from March 16, 2020 to September 30, 2021. Results. One-thousand patients were identified, 501 patients were distributed in the pre-pandemic group and 499 in the pandemic group. The average consultation time from the time of onset of symptoms to consultation was 43 hours in the pre-pandemic group and almost 45 hours in the pandemic. Discussion. Despite the restrictions due to the disease caused by the new coronavirus and the fear that may existed due to contagion, in our center there was no evidence of a change in the management and presentation of patients diagnosed with acute appendicitis.

Acute coronary syndromes following COVID-19 vaccine application: Kounis syndrome or chance?

Rueda Ibarra, Leonardo | 2022

Acute toxicity evaluation of the ethanolic extract from leaves and flowers of chromolaena perglabra (b. l. robinson) king & h. rob.

Centanaro, C. Nasly | 2018

At present, there is a great variety of plant species widely distributed in different geographical regions worldwide, with phytopharmacological potential; however, its indiscriminate use has limited access to vegetal resources by the population in general and the scientific community. Additionally, the lack of toxicological studies that provide knowledge on the safety of their use makes the problem more critical. According to traditional knowledge, the species that belong to the genus Chromolaena, have a high pharmacological potential, but currently, there are no studies that validate traditional use and safety. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the acute toxicity of the leaf and flower extract of Chromolaena perglabra (C. perglabra) in mice. To develop this aim, 25 female ICR-CD1 mice were divided into two groups with three and two subgroups respectively, to which they were administered intraperitoneally 125, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/ kg of the ethanolic extract of leaves and flowers of C. perglabra; another 5 mice were administered the vehicle (control group); 72 hours after inoculation, they were sacrificed for histopathological study (macroscopic and microscopic). An increase in size was observed with mild lymphoid hyperplasia in the spleen and toxic hepatitis in all the animals, the rest of the organs analyzed were in normal conditions.

Adjuvants approved for human use: What do we know and what do we need to know for designing good adjuvants?

Reyes, César | 2023

Adjuvants represent one of the most significant biotechnological solutions regarding vaccine development, thereby broadening the amount of candidates which can now be used and tested in vaccine formulations targeting various pathogens, as antigens which were previously discarded due to their low or null immunogenicity can now be included. Adjuvant development research has grown side-by-side with an increasing body of knowledge regarding immune systems and their recognition of foreign microorganisms. Alum-derived adjuvants were used in human vaccines for many years, even though complete understanding of their vaccination-related mechanism of action was lacking. The amount of adjuvants approved for human use has increased recently in line with attempts to interact with and stimulate the immune system. This review is aimed at summarising what is known about adjuvants, focusing on those approved for use in humans, their mechanism of action and why they are so necessary for vaccine candidate formulations; it also discusses what the future may hold in this growing research field

Adopting sustainability competence-based education in academic disciplines: Insights from 13 higher education institutions

Lozano, Rodrigo | 2021

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have been incorporating sustainability into education and curricula, where recent research has focussed on sustainability competences, pedagogical approaches, and how to connect them, generally on a single HEI. The process of integrating sustainability into education based on curricula assessment has been explained using adoption of innovations; and has the potential to explain the process of developing competences through pedagogical approaches. The aim of this paper is to investigate this process at academic discipline level. An online survey was developed to investigate teaching sustainability competences in 13 HEIs, from which 678 responses from educators were obtained. The competences and pedagogical approaches from the responses were ranked, and then the connections between the competences and pedagogical approaches per discipline were analysed using a correlations-based framework, from which three disciplines groups were created. The groups were categorised using diffusion of innovations theory, which indicated that some disciplines are more innovative than others in adopting sustainability competence-based teaching. The results are used to propose two frameworks to better understand the adoption of sustainability competence-based teaching: (a) the D-RAPID framework; and (b) the Disciplinary Multi-dimensional Sustainability Influence Change for Academia (D-MuSICA) memework. The adoption of sustainability competence-base education must expand from a single HEI perspective to a disciplinary collaborative one spanning many HEIs, where academic disciplines should learn from each other's insights and mistakes and provide students with more transdisciplinary skillsets to make societies more sustainable.

Agroforestry systems recover tree carbon stock faster than natural succession in Eastern Amazon, Brazil

Gómez Cardozo, Ernesto | 2022

The potential of agroforestry systems (AFS) for atmospheric carbon sequestration in degraded tropical lands is of key interest for climate change and rural development policies. This study evaluated aboveground and soil (0–20 cm) carbon stocks of AFS, secondary forests (SF), conserved and logged mature forests, on 88 sites in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Tree carbon stock was higher in young (< 10 years) and advanced (> 30 years) AFS (10.2 ± 2.0 and 47.2 ± 8.1 Mg ha−1, respectively) when compared to the same age SF (5.8 ± 2.5 and 26.5 ± 19.5 Mg ha−1). However, aboveground and total carbon stocks were statistically similar within the same age categories of AFS and SF, because shrub pool were higher in SF. Conserved mature forests had the highest carbon stocks (190.2 ± 11.0 Mg ha−1), and carbon stocks in logged mature forests (119.4 ± 5.1 Mg ha−1) were similar to the advanced stages of AFS (108.6 ± 7.5 Mg ha−1). Litter and soil organic carbon (SOC) did not differ significantly between land-use systems nor along succession. At 30 years, aboveground carbon recovery was 46% (± 16) in AFS and 35% (± 21) in SF. Vegetation structural diversity (measured by DBH and height variation) was a good predictor of aboveground carbon stocks. Our results show the potential of AFS for carbon recovery, especially in the tree pool at late stages of development. Structurally more complex AFS provide an alternative to recover degraded lands and to develop synergies between climate change mitigation, adaptation, and goods production in Amazon.

Aislamiento de Morganella morganii y Staphylococcusaureus en un paciente canino con lesión cutánea y detejidos blandos: reporte de caso

Maldonado Vera, María Camila | 2021

Se presenta el caso clínico de un canino con pioderma profundo ulceroso connecrosis dérmica, donde se aísla Morganella morganii y Staphylococcus aureus delas lesiones cutáneas. El primero es una bacteria del medio ambiente y en la flora normaldel tracto intestinal, y poco reportada en caninos. S. aureus es una bacteria estafilocócicagrampositiva reconocida que se asocia con infecciones supurativas. Los resultadosque abordan este estudio indican la importancia de llevar a cabo un rápido reconoci-miento, diagnóstico e inicio de tratamiento basado en cultivos y antibiogramas. Lainfección polimicrobiana dificulta el tratamiento y su evolución, debiendo evitarse laprogresión de lesiones en piel y enfermedades sistémicas secundarias

Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Griswold, M.G | 2018

Background: Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. With our comprehensive approach to health accounting within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we generated improved estimates of alcohol use and alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs) for 195 locations from 1990 to 2016, for both sexes and for 5-year age groups between the ages of 15 years and 95 years and older. Methods: Using 694 data sources of individual and population-level alcohol consumption, along with 592 prospective and retrospective studies on the risk of alcohol use, we produced estimates of the prevalence of current drinking, abstention, the distribution of alcohol consumption among current drinkers in standard drinks daily (defined as 10 g of pure ethyl alcohol), and alcohol-attributable deaths and DALYs. We made several methodological improvements compared with previous estimates: first, we adjusted alcohol sales estimates to take into account tourist and unrecorded consumption; second, we did a new meta-analysis of relative risks for 23 health outcomes associated with alcohol use; and third, we developed a new method to quantify the level of alcohol consumption that minimises the overall risk to individual health. Findings: Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in 2016, accounting for 2·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·5-3·0) of age-standardised female deaths and 6·8% (5·8-8·0) of agestandardised male deaths. Among the population aged 15-49 years, alcohol use was the leading risk factor globally in 2016, with 3·8% (95% UI 3·2-4·3) of female deaths and 12·2% (10·8-13·6) of male deaths attributable to alcohol use. For the population aged 15-49 years, female attributable DALYs were 2·3% (95% UI 2·0-2·6) and male attributable DALYs were 8·9% (7·8-9·9). The three leading causes of attributable deaths in this age group were tuberculosis (1·4% [95% UI 1·0-1·7] of total deaths), road injuries (1·2% [0·7-1·9]), and self-harm (1·1% [0·6-1·5]). For populations aged 50 years and older, cancers accounted for a large proportion of total alcohol-attributable deaths in 2016, constituting 27·1% (95% UI 21·2-33·3) of total alcohol-attributable female deaths and 18·9% (15·3-22·6) of male deaths. The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0·0-0·8) standard drinks per week. Interpretation: Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for global disease burden and causes substantial health loss. We found that the risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimises health loss is zero. These results suggest that alcohol control policies might need to be revised worldwide, refocusing on efforts to lower overall population-level consumption. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Analysis of the interrelations between biogeographic systems and the dynamics of the Port-Waterfront Cities: Cartagena de Indias, Colombia

Montoya Rojas, Grace Andreas | 2020

This research shows that the correlations of the Port-Waterfront Cities and their development throughout history have led to conceptual evolution to strengthen and implement: sustainable cities. The main objective of this research was to perform a detailed analysis of the relationships between the Biogeographical Systems and the dynamics of the Port-Waterfront Cities, to make an integrated approach between human and natural relations in these urbanized coastal-marine regions. Analytical tools associated with the General Theory of Systems and critical thinking are employed. The reliable conceptual documentation is analyzed for achieving the preset objectives of the present research. Subsequently, a historical analysis of the Port-Waterfront Cities was carried out, and a conceptual map was prepared by integrating conceptual information and the proposed biogeographic systems such as the atmospheric, the hydrospheric, the geospheric, the biospheric and the anthropospheric. Furthermore, a Sankey Diagram was developed to understand interactions between the biogeographic systems and their dynamic flows entering the marine-coastal urban environment. In the present research, the city of “Cartagena de Indias” and its surroundings in Colombia have been considered. Finally, sustainability guidelines developed through a multi-criterion analysis were established as a contribution to urban planning management and territorial ordering tools in marine-coastal environments.